Biodiverse countries call for tighter patent rules

2008年12月2日

Priya Shetty

2005年2月28日 | EN | ES

Bark of medicinal tree Prunus africana destined for the European market

www.ecoport.org / A. B. Cunningham

Developing countries that are rich in biodiversity have called for tighter patent rules to prevent their biological resources being misappropriated and to ensure that benefits arising from their use are shared fairly.

The proposal was made at a meeting of the parties to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity held from14-18 February in Bangkok, Thailand.

Its proponents included the Like-Minded group of Mega-diverse Countries (LMMCs) — so called because they contain most of the world's biodiversity — and a negotiating group representing Africa.

They proposed a legally binding regime that would require users of biological resources to first seek informed consent of the country of origin, and to ensure that the origin of the resources were disclosed in patent applications.

Developing countries said the regime should be broad enough to also cover products derived from patented resources.

However, developed countries at the meeting, including Australia, Canada, the European Union and Japan (the United States is not a signatory) maintained an 'open' position, suggesting that benefit sharing could be enforced through existing instruments.

Among these are the Bonn Guidelines, drawn up in 2002 to help parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity implement fair access to genetic resources.

But many developing countries, including the LMMCs, stressed at the Bangkok meeting that these voluntary guidelines were not enough to prevent violations of national legislation or ensure compliance with benefit sharing.

Their chief concern is 'biopiracy', whereby biological resources could be appropriated by foreign researchers and used to develop new, patent-protected products, without benefits being returned to the country of origin.

The South African representative told delegates that some intellectual property instruments undermine rather than promote benefit sharing. Developing countries said that instead they sought an international regime that supports and complements — rather than overrides — national legislation.

Critics of the developing countries' proposal include Alan Oxley, based at the APEC Study Centre at Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.

In a report published to coincide with the Bangkok meeting, Oxley warned that going down a "litigious" path in which patents are tightly regulated "risks destroying benefits for everyone". He argues that a market-based approach, in which agreements between users and providers of genetic resources are designed on a case-by-case basis represents the way forward.

However, an internationally flexible system that relies on such ad hoc agreements would mean that developing countries would be forced to police their own biodiversity — and not all countries have the resources to do this.

The LMMCs want the convention on biological diversity to ensure that countries can determine how products derived from their biological resources can be used.

Oxley maintains that the LMMC proposal would "block the development of biotechnology" and halt bioprospecting by deterring pharmaceutical companies from investing in research into drugs based on indigenous resources.

The LMMCs are Bolivia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ecuador, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, South Africa and Venezuela.

To read more about these topics, visit SciDev.Net's dossiers on biodiversity, intellectual property and indigenous knowledge.